Reading Comprehension

Read the passages given below and answer that follows each passage.

One simple physical concept lies behind the formation of the star : gravitational instability. The concept is not new. Newton first perceived it late in the 17th Century. Imagine a uniform , static cloud of gas in space. Imagine then that the gas is somehow disturbed so that one small spherical region becomes a little denser than the gas around it so that the small region's gravitational field becomes slightly stronger. It now attracts more matter to it and its gravity increases further, causing it to begin to contract. As it contracts its density increased, which increases its gravity even more, so that it picks up even more matter and contracts even further. The process continues until the small region of gas finally forms a gravitationally bound object.

The primary purpose of the passage is to:

Read the following passage care fully and answer the given questions.

Cyber-world is ultimately ungovernable. This is alarming as well as convenient; sometimes, convenient because alarming. Some Indian politicians-use it to great advantage. When there is an obvious failure in governance during a crisis they deflect attention from their own incompetence towards the ungovernable. So, having failed to prevent nervous citizens from fleeing their cities of work by assuring them of proper protection, some national leaders are now busy trying to prove to one another, and to panic-prone Indians, that a mischievous neighbour has been using the internet and social networking sites to spread dangerous rumours. And the Centre's automatic reaction is to start blocking these sites and begin elaborate and potentially endless negotiations with Google, Twitter and Facebook about access to information. If this is the official idea of prompt action at a time of crisis among communities, then Indians have more reason to fear their protectors than the nebulous mischief-makers of the cyber-world. Wasting time gathering proof, blocking vaguely suspicious websites, hurling accusations across the border and worrying about bilateral relations are ways of keeping busy with inessentials because one does not quite know what to do about the essentials of a difficult situation. Besides, only a fifth of the 245 websites blocked by the Centre mention the people of the Northeast or the violence in Assam. And if a few morphed images and spurious texts can unsettle an entire nation, then there is something deeply wrong with the nation and with how it is being governed. This is what its leaders should be addressing immediately, rather than making a wrongheaded display of their powers of censorship.

It is just as absurd, and part of the same syndrome, to try to ban Twitter accounts that parody despatches from the Prime Minister's Office. To describe such forms of humour and dissent as "misrepresenting" the PMO as if Twitterers would take these parodies for genuine despatches from the PMO makes the PMO look more ridiculous than its parodists manage to. With the precedent for such action set recently by the chief minister of West Bengal, this is yet another proof that what Bengal thinks today India will think tomorrow. Using the cyber-world for flexing the wrong headed is essentially not funny. It might even prove to be quite dangerously distracting.

The author warns us against

Read the following passage care fully and answer the given questions.

Cyber-world is ultimately ungovernable. This is alarming as well as convenient; sometimes, convenient because alarming. Some Indian politicians-use it to great advantage. When there is an obvious failure in governance during a crisis they deflect attention from their own incompetence towards the ungovernable. So, having failed to prevent nervous citizens from fleeing their cities of work by assuring them of proper protection, some national leaders are now busy trying to prove to one another, and to panic-prone Indians, that a mischievous neighbour has been using the internet and social networking sites to spread dangerous rumours. And the Centre's automatic reaction is to start blocking these sites and begin elaborate and potentially endless negotiations with Google, Twitter and Facebook about access to information. If this is the official idea of prompt action at a time of crisis among communities, then Indians have more reason to fear their protectors than the nebulous mischief-makers of the cyber-world. Wasting time gathering proof, blocking vaguely suspicious websites, hurling accusations across the border and worrying about bilateral relations are ways of keeping busy with inessentials because one does not quite know what to do about the essentials of a difficult situation. Besides, only a fifth of the 245 websites blocked by the Centre mention the people of the Northeast or the violence in Assam. And if a few morphed images and spurious texts can unsettle an entire nation, then there is something deeply wrong with the nation and with how it is being governed. This is what its leaders should be addressing immediately, rather than making a wrongheaded display of their powers of censorship.

It is just as absurd, and part of the same syndrome, to try to ban Twitter accounts that parody despatches from the Prime Minister's Office. To describe such forms of humour and dissent as "misrepresenting" the PMO as if Twitterers would take these parodies for genuine despatches from the PMO makes the PMO look more ridiculous than its parodists manage to. With the precedent for such action set recently by the chief minister of West Bengal, this is yet another proof that what Bengal thinks today India will think tomorrow. Using the cyber-world for flexing the wrong headed is essentially not funny. It might even prove to be quite dangerously distracting.

Similar word of 'Parody' as used in passage is-

In question given below, you have two passage with 5 questions in each passage. Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer to each question out of four alternatives and mark your answer.

Passage I
The World Health organisation is briefly called W.H.O. it is specialised agency of the United Nations and was established in 1948.
International health workers can be seen working in all kinds of surroundings : in deserts, jungles, mountains, coconut groves, and rice fields. They help the sick to attain health and healthy to maintain their health.
This global health team assists the local health workers in stopping the spread of what are called communicable diseases, like cholera. These diseases can spread from one country to another and so can be a threat to world health.
W.H.O. assists different national health authorities not only in controlling diseases but also in preventing them altogether. Total prevention of diseases is possible in a number of ways. Everyone knows how people particularly children, are vaccinated against one disease or another. Similarly, most people are familiar with the spraying of houses with poisonous substances which kill disease carrying insects.
Passage II
Why don't I have a telephone? Not because I pretend to be wise or pose as unusual. There are to chief reasons, because I don't really like the telephone, and because I find I can still work and play, eat breathe, and sleep without it. Why don't I like the telephone ? Because I think it is a pest and time waster. It may create unnecessary suspense and anxiety, as when you wait for an expected call, that doesn't come, or irritating delay, as when you keep ringing a number that is always engaged. As for speaking in a public telephone booth, it seems to me really horrible. You would not use it unless you were in a hurry and because you are in a hurry, you will find other people waiting before you. When you do get into the booth, you are half suffocated by the stale, unventilated air, flavoured with cheap face powder and chain-smoking, and by the time you have begun your conversation your back is chilled by the cold looks of somebody who is moving about restlessly to take your place.
If you have a telephone in your house you will admit that it tends to ring when you least want it to ring when you are asleep or in the middle of a meal or conversation or when you are just going out, or when you are in your bath. Are you strong-minded enough to ignore it, to say to yourself. "Ah well it will be all the same in a hundred years time". You are not. You think there may be some important news or message for you. Have you never rushed dripping from the bath of chewing from the table, or dazed from bed, only to be told that you are a wrong number ? You were told the truth. In my opinion all telephone numbers are wrong numbers. If of course your telephone ring, and you decide not to answer it, then you will have to listen to an idiotic bell ringing and ringing in what is supposed to be the privacy of your own home. You might as well buy a bicycle bell and ring it yourself.

Ah well, it will be all the same in a hundred years time. This sentence means...

Direction : Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below it. Certain words have been printed in the bold to help you locate them while answering some of the questions.

The transformer is an essential component of modern electric power systems. Simply put, it can convert electricity with a low current and a high voltage into electricity with a high current and low voltage (and vice versa) with almost no loss of energy. The conversion is important because electric power is transmitted most efficiently at high voltages but is best generated and used at low voltages. Were it not for transformers, the distance separating generators from consumers would have to be minimized, many households and industries would require their own power stations, and electricity would be a much less practical form of energy.
In addition to its role in electric power systems, the transformer is an integral component of many things that run on electricity. Desk lamps, battery chargers, toy trains and television sets all rely on transformers to cut or boost voltage.
In all its multiplicity of applications, the transformer can range from tiny assemblies the size of a pea to behemoths weighing 500 tons or more. The principles that govern the functioning of electrical transformers are the same regardless of form or application.
The English physicist Michael Faraday discovered the basic action of the transformer during his pioneering investigations of electricity in 1831. Some fifty years later, the advent of a practical transformer, containing all the essential elements of the modern instrument, revolutionized the infant electric lighting industry. By the turn of the century, alternating-current power systems had been universally adopted and the transformer had assumed a key role in electrical transmission and distribution.
Yet, the transformer's tale does not end in 1900. Today's transformers can handle 500 times the power and 15 times the voltage of their turn-of-the-century ancestors; the weight per unit of power has dropped by a factor of ten and efficiency typically exceeds 99 per cent. These advances reflect the marriage of theoretical inquiry and engineering that first elucidated and then exploited the phenomena governing transformer action. The Danish physicist Hans Christian Oersted, who had shown in 1820 that an electric current flowing through a conducting material creates a magnetic field around the conductor, inspired Faraday's investigations. At the time, Oersted's discovery was considered remarkable, since electricity and magnetism were thought to be separate and related forces. If an electric current could generate a magnetic field, it seemed likely that a magnetic field could give rise to an electric current.
In 1831, Faraday demonstrated that in order for a magnetic field to induce a current in a conductor, the field must be changing. Faraday caused the strength of the field to fluctuate by making and breaking the electric circuit generating the field; the same effect can be achieved with a current whose direction alternates in time. This fascinating interaction of electricity and magnetism came to be known as electromagnetic induction.

The passage suggests that advances in the efficiency of the transformer are....

Direction : Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below it. Certain words have been printed in the bold to help you locate them while answering some of the questions.

The transformer is an essential component of modern electric power systems. Simply put, it can convert electricity with a low current and a high voltage into electricity with a high current and low voltage (and vice versa) with almost no loss of energy. The conversion is important because electric power is transmitted most efficiently at high voltages but is best generated and used at low voltages. Were it not for transformers, the distance separating generators from consumers would have to be minimized, many households and industries would require their own power stations, and electricity would be a much less practical form of energy.
In addition to its role in electric power systems, the transformer is an integral component of many things that run on electricity. Desk lamps, battery chargers, toy trains and television sets all rely on transformers to cut or boost voltage.
In all its multiplicity of applications, the transformer can range from tiny assemblies the size of a pea to behemoths weighing 500 tons or more. The principles that govern the functioning of electrical transformers are the same regardless of form or application.
The English physicist Michael Faraday discovered the basic action of the transformer during his pioneering investigations of electricity in 1831. Some fifty years later, the advent of a practical transformer, containing all the essential elements of the modern instrument, revolutionized the infant electric lighting industry. By the turn of the century, alternating-current power systems had been universally adopted and the transformer had assumed a key role in electrical transmission and distribution.
Yet, the transformer's tale does not end in 1900. Today's transformers can handle 500 times the power and 15 times the voltage of their turn-of-the-century ancestors; the weight per unit of power has dropped by a factor of ten and efficiency typically exceeds 99 per cent. These advances reflect the marriage of theoretical inquiry and engineering that first elucidated and then exploited the phenomena governing transformer action. The Danish physicist Hans Christian Oersted, who had shown in 1820 that an electric current flowing through a conducting material creates a magnetic field around the conductor, inspired Faraday's investigations. At the time, Oersted's discovery was considered remarkable, since electricity and magnetism were thought to be separate and related forces. If an electric current could generate a magnetic field, it seemed likely that a magnetic field could give rise to an electric current.
In 1831, Faraday demonstrated that in order for a magnetic field to induce a current in a conductor, the field must be changing. Faraday caused the strength of the field to fluctuate by making and breaking the electric circuit generating the field; the same effect can be achieved with a current whose direction alternates in time. This fascinating interaction of electricity and magnetism came to be known as electromagnetic induction.

According to the passage, Oersted's discovery regarding the production of a magnetic field is considered remarkable because -

Direction : Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below it. Certain words have been printed in the bold to help you locate them while answering some of the questions.

The transformer is an essential component of modern electric power systems. Simply put, it can convert electricity with a low current and a high voltage into electricity with a high current and low voltage (and vice versa) with almost no loss of energy. The conversion is important because electric power is transmitted most efficiently at high voltages but is best generated and used at low voltages. Were it not for transformers, the distance separating generators from consumers would have to be minimized, many households and industries would require their own power stations, and electricity would be a much less practical form of energy.
In addition to its role in electric power systems, the transformer is an integral component of many things that run on electricity. Desk lamps, battery chargers, toy trains and television sets all rely on transformers to cut or boost voltage.
In all its multiplicity of applications, the transformer can range from tiny assemblies the size of a pea to behemoths weighing 500 tons or more. The principles that govern the functioning of electrical transformers are the same regardless of form or application.
The English physicist Michael Faraday discovered the basic action of the transformer during his pioneering investigations of electricity in 1831. Some fifty years later, the advent of a practical transformer, containing all the essential elements of the modern instrument, revolutionized the infant electric lighting industry. By the turn of the century, alternating-current power systems had been universally adopted and the transformer had assumed a key role in electrical transmission and distribution.
Yet, the transformer's tale does not end in 1900. Today's transformers can handle 500 times the power and 15 times the voltage of their turn-of-the-century ancestors; the weight per unit of power has dropped by a factor of ten and efficiency typically exceeds 99 per cent. These advances reflect the marriage of theoretical inquiry and engineering that first elucidated and then exploited the phenomena governing transformer action. The Danish physicist Hans Christian Oersted, who had shown in 1820 that an electric current flowing through a conducting material creates a magnetic field around the conductor, inspired Faraday's investigations. At the time, Oersted's discovery was considered remarkable, since electricity and magnetism were thought to be separate and related forces. If an electric current could generate a magnetic field, it seemed likely that a magnetic field could give rise to an electric current.
In 1831, Faraday demonstrated that in order for a magnetic field to induce a current in a conductor, the field must be changing. Faraday caused the strength of the field to fluctuate by making and breaking the electric circuit generating the field; the same effect can be achieved with a current whose direction alternates in time. This fascinating interaction of electricity and magnetism came to be known as electromagnetic induction.

Which of the following is NOT true of transformers today as compared to the first transformers?

Direction : Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below it. Certain words have been printed in the bold to help you locate them while answering some of the questions.

The transformer is an essential component of modern electric power systems. Simply put, it can convert electricity with a low current and a high voltage into electricity with a high current and low voltage (and vice versa) with almost no loss of energy. The conversion is important because electric power is transmitted most efficiently at high voltages but is best generated and used at low voltages. Were it not for transformers, the distance separating generators from consumers would have to be minimized, many households and industries would require their own power stations, and electricity would be a much less practical form of energy.
In addition to its role in electric power systems, the transformer is an integral component of many things that run on electricity. Desk lamps, battery chargers, toy trains and television sets all rely on transformers to cut or boost voltage.
In all its multiplicity of applications, the transformer can range from tiny assemblies the size of a pea to behemoths weighing 500 tons or more. The principles that govern the functioning of electrical transformers are the same regardless of form or application.
The English physicist Michael Faraday discovered the basic action of the transformer during his pioneering investigations of electricity in 1831. Some fifty years later, the advent of a practical transformer, containing all the essential elements of the modern instrument, revolutionized the infant electric lighting industry. By the turn of the century, alternating-current power systems had been universally adopted and the transformer had assumed a key role in electrical transmission and distribution.
Yet, the transformer's tale does not end in 1900. Today's transformers can handle 500 times the power and 15 times the voltage of their turn-of-the-century ancestors; the weight per unit of power has dropped by a factor of ten and efficiency typically exceeds 99 per cent. These advances reflect the marriage of theoretical inquiry and engineering that first elucidated and then exploited the phenomena governing transformer action. The Danish physicist Hans Christian Oersted, who had shown in 1820 that an electric current flowing through a conducting material creates a magnetic field around the conductor, inspired Faraday's investigations. At the time, Oersted's discovery was considered remarkable, since electricity and magnetism were thought to be separate and related forces. If an electric current could generate a magnetic field, it seemed likely that a magnetic field could give rise to an electric current.
In 1831, Faraday demonstrated that in order for a magnetic field to induce a current in a conductor, the field must be changing. Faraday caused the strength of the field to fluctuate by making and breaking the electric circuit generating the field; the same effect can be achieved with a current whose direction alternates in time. This fascinating interaction of electricity and magnetism came to be known as electromagnetic induction.

Which of the following statements is best supported by the passage?

Direction : Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below it. Certain words have been printed in the bold to help you locate them while answering some of the questions.

The transformer is an essential component of modern electric power systems. Simply put, it can convert electricity with a low current and a high voltage into electricity with a high current and low voltage (and vice versa) with almost no loss of energy. The conversion is important because electric power is transmitted most efficiently at high voltages but is best generated and used at low voltages. Were it not for transformers, the distance separating generators from consumers would have to be minimized, many households and industries would require their own power stations, and electricity would be a much less practical form of energy.
In addition to its role in electric power systems, the transformer is an integral component of many things that run on electricity. Desk lamps, battery chargers, toy trains and television sets all rely on transformers to cut or boost voltage.
In all its multiplicity of applications, the transformer can range from tiny assemblies the size of a pea to behemoths weighing 500 tons or more. The principles that govern the functioning of electrical transformers are the same regardless of form or application.
The English physicist Michael Faraday discovered the basic action of the transformer during his pioneering investigations of electricity in 1831. Some fifty years later, the advent of a practical transformer, containing all the essential elements of the modern instrument, revolutionized the infant electric lighting industry. By the turn of the century, alternating-current power systems had been universally adopted and the transformer had assumed a key role in electrical transmission and distribution.
Yet, the transformer's tale does not end in 1900. Today's transformers can handle 500 times the power and 15 times the voltage of their turn-of-the-century ancestors; the weight per unit of power has dropped by a factor of ten and efficiency typically exceeds 99 per cent. These advances reflect the marriage of theoretical inquiry and engineering that first elucidated and then exploited the phenomena governing transformer action. The Danish physicist Hans Christian Oersted, who had shown in 1820 that an electric current flowing through a conducting material creates a magnetic field around the conductor, inspired Faraday's investigations. At the time, Oersted's discovery was considered remarkable, since electricity and magnetism were thought to be separate and related forces. If an electric current could generate a magnetic field, it seemed likely that a magnetic field could give rise to an electric current.
In 1831, Faraday demonstrated that in order for a magnetic field to induce a current in a conductor, the field must be changing. Faraday caused the strength of the field to fluctuate by making and breaking the electric circuit generating the field; the same effect can be achieved with a current whose direction alternates in time. This fascinating interaction of electricity and magnetism came to be known as electromagnetic induction.

According to the passage why conversion is important?

Direction : Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below it. Certain words have been printed in the bold to help you locate them while answering some of the questions.

The transformer is an essential component of modern electric power systems. Simply put, it can convert electricity with a low current and a high voltage into electricity with a high current and low voltage (and vice versa) with almost no loss of energy. The conversion is important because electric power is transmitted most efficiently at high voltages but is best generated and used at low voltages. Were it not for transformers, the distance separating generators from consumers would have to be minimized, many households and industries would require their own power stations, and electricity would be a much less practical form of energy.
In addition to its role in electric power systems, the transformer is an integral component of many things that run on electricity. Desk lamps, battery chargers, toy trains and television sets all rely on transformers to cut or boost voltage.
In all its multiplicity of applications, the transformer can range from tiny assemblies the size of a pea to behemoths weighing 500 tons or more. The principles that govern the functioning of electrical transformers are the same regardless of form or application.
The English physicist Michael Faraday discovered the basic action of the transformer during his pioneering investigations of electricity in 1831. Some fifty years later, the advent of a practical transformer, containing all the essential elements of the modern instrument, revolutionized the infant electric lighting industry. By the turn of the century, alternating-current power systems had been universally adopted and the transformer had assumed a key role in electrical transmission and distribution.
Yet, the transformer's tale does not end in 1900. Today's transformers can handle 500 times the power and 15 times the voltage of their turn-of-the-century ancestors; the weight per unit of power has dropped by a factor of ten and efficiency typically exceeds 99 per cent. These advances reflect the marriage of theoretical inquiry and engineering that first elucidated and then exploited the phenomena governing transformer action. The Danish physicist Hans Christian Oersted, who had shown in 1820 that an electric current flowing through a conducting material creates a magnetic field around the conductor, inspired Faraday's investigations. At the time, Oersted's discovery was considered remarkable, since electricity and magnetism were thought to be separate and related forces. If an electric current could generate a magnetic field, it seemed likely that a magnetic field could give rise to an electric current.
In 1831, Faraday demonstrated that in order for a magnetic field to induce a current in a conductor, the field must be changing. Faraday caused the strength of the field to fluctuate by making and breaking the electric circuit generating the field; the same effect can be achieved with a current whose direction alternates in time. This fascinating interaction of electricity and magnetism came to be known as electromagnetic induction.

What is the meaning of the word 'elucidated'?

Direction : Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below it. Certain words have been printed in the bold to help you locate them while answering some of the questions.

The transformer is an essential component of modern electric power systems. Simply put, it can convert electricity with a low current and a high voltage into electricity with a high current and low voltage (and vice versa) with almost no loss of energy. The conversion is important because electric power is transmitted most efficiently at high voltages but is best generated and used at low voltages. Were it not for transformers, the distance separating generators from consumers would have to be minimized, many households and industries would require their own power stations, and electricity would be a much less practical form of energy.
In addition to its role in electric power systems, the transformer is an integral component of many things that run on electricity. Desk lamps, battery chargers, toy trains and television sets all rely on transformers to cut or boost voltage.
In all its multiplicity of applications, the transformer can range from tiny assemblies the size of a pea to behemoths weighing 500 tons or more. The principles that govern the functioning of electrical transformers are the same regardless of form or application.
The English physicist Michael Faraday discovered the basic action of the transformer during his pioneering investigations of electricity in 1831. Some fifty years later, the advent of a practical transformer, containing all the essential elements of the modern instrument, revolutionized the infant electric lighting industry. By the turn of the century, alternating-current power systems had been universally adopted and the transformer had assumed a key role in electrical transmission and distribution.
Yet, the transformer's tale does not end in 1900. Today's transformers can handle 500 times the power and 15 times the voltage of their turn-of-the-century ancestors; the weight per unit of power has dropped by a factor of ten and efficiency typically exceeds 99 per cent. These advances reflect the marriage of theoretical inquiry and engineering that first elucidated and then exploited the phenomena governing transformer action. The Danish physicist Hans Christian Oersted, who had shown in 1820 that an electric current flowing through a conducting material creates a magnetic field around the conductor, inspired Faraday's investigations. At the time, Oersted's discovery was considered remarkable, since electricity and magnetism were thought to be separate and related forces. If an electric current could generate a magnetic field, it seemed likely that a magnetic field could give rise to an electric current.
In 1831, Faraday demonstrated that in order for a magnetic field to induce a current in a conductor, the field must be changing. Faraday caused the strength of the field to fluctuate by making and breaking the electric circuit generating the field; the same effect can be achieved with a current whose direction alternates in time. This fascinating interaction of electricity and magnetism came to be known as electromagnetic induction.

What is the antonym of the word 'fluctuate'?

Direction : Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below it. Certain words have been printed in the bold to help you locate them while answering some of the questions.

The transformer is an essential component of modern electric power systems. Simply put, it can convert electricity with a low current and a high voltage into electricity with a high current and low voltage (and vice versa) with almost no loss of energy. The conversion is important because electric power is transmitted most efficiently at high voltages but is best generated and used at low voltages. Were it not for transformers, the distance separating generators from consumers would have to be minimized, many households and industries would require their own power stations, and electricity would be a much less practical form of energy.
In addition to its role in electric power systems, the transformer is an integral component of many things that run on electricity. Desk lamps, battery chargers, toy trains and television sets all rely on transformers to cut or boost voltage.
In all its multiplicity of applications, the transformer can range from tiny assemblies the size of a pea to behemoths weighing 500 tons or more. The principles that govern the functioning of electrical transformers are the same regardless of form or application.
The English physicist Michael Faraday discovered the basic action of the transformer during his pioneering investigations of electricity in 1831. Some fifty years later, the advent of a practical transformer, containing all the essential elements of the modern instrument, revolutionized the infant electric lighting industry. By the turn of the century, alternating-current power systems had been universally adopted and the transformer had assumed a key role in electrical transmission and distribution.
Yet, the transformer's tale does not end in 1900. Today's transformers can handle 500 times the power and 15 times the voltage of their turn-of-the-century ancestors; the weight per unit of power has dropped by a factor of ten and efficiency typically exceeds 99 per cent. These advances reflect the marriage of theoretical inquiry and engineering that first elucidated and then exploited the phenomena governing transformer action. The Danish physicist Hans Christian Oersted, who had shown in 1820 that an electric current flowing through a conducting material creates a magnetic field around the conductor, inspired Faraday's investigations. At the time, Oersted's discovery was considered remarkable, since electricity and magnetism were thought to be separate and related forces. If an electric current could generate a magnetic field, it seemed likely that a magnetic field could give rise to an electric current.
In 1831, Faraday demonstrated that in order for a magnetic field to induce a current in a conductor, the field must be changing. Faraday caused the strength of the field to fluctuate by making and breaking the electric circuit generating the field; the same effect can be achieved with a current whose direction alternates in time. This fascinating interaction of electricity and magnetism came to be known as electromagnetic induction.

According to the passage, which of the following is correct?

Direction : Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below it. Certain words have been printed in the bold to help you locate them while answering some of the questions.

The transformer is an essential component of modern electric power systems. Simply put, it can convert electricity with a low current and a high voltage into electricity with a high current and low voltage (and vice versa) with almost no loss of energy. The conversion is important because electric power is transmitted most efficiently at high voltages but is best generated and used at low voltages. Were it not for transformers, the distance separating generators from consumers would have to be minimized, many households and industries would require their own power stations, and electricity would be a much less practical form of energy.
In addition to its role in electric power systems, the transformer is an integral component of many things that run on electricity. Desk lamps, battery chargers, toy trains and television sets all rely on transformers to cut or boost voltage.
In all its multiplicity of applications, the transformer can range from tiny assemblies the size of a pea to behemoths weighing 500 tons or more. The principles that govern the functioning of electrical transformers are the same regardless of form or application.
The English physicist Michael Faraday discovered the basic action of the transformer during his pioneering investigations of electricity in 1831. Some fifty years later, the advent of a practical transformer, containing all the essential elements of the modern instrument, revolutionized the infant electric lighting industry. By the turn of the century, alternating-current power systems had been universally adopted and the transformer had assumed a key role in electrical transmission and distribution.
Yet, the transformer's tale does not end in 1900. Today's transformers can handle 500 times the power and 15 times the voltage of their turn-of-the-century ancestors; the weight per unit of power has dropped by a factor of ten and efficiency typically exceeds 99 per cent. These advances reflect the marriage of theoretical inquiry and engineering that first elucidated and then exploited the phenomena governing transformer action. The Danish physicist Hans Christian Oersted, who had shown in 1820 that an electric current flowing through a conducting material creates a magnetic field around the conductor, inspired Faraday's investigations. At the time, Oersted's discovery was considered remarkable, since electricity and magnetism were thought to be separate and related forces. If an electric current could generate a magnetic field, it seemed likely that a magnetic field could give rise to an electric current.
In 1831, Faraday demonstrated that in order for a magnetic field to induce a current in a conductor, the field must be changing. Faraday caused the strength of the field to fluctuate by making and breaking the electric circuit generating the field; the same effect can be achieved with a current whose direction alternates in time. This fascinating interaction of electricity and magnetism came to be known as electromagnetic induction.

The author is being ____ in the passage.

Direction : Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below it. Certain words have been printed in the bold to help you locate them while answering some of the questions.

The transformer is an essential component of modern electric power systems. Simply put, it can convert electricity with a low current and a high voltage into electricity with a high current and low voltage (and vice versa) with almost no loss of energy. The conversion is important because electric power is transmitted most efficiently at high voltages but is best generated and used at low voltages. Were it not for transformers, the distance separating generators from consumers would have to be minimized, many households and industries would require their own power stations, and electricity would be a much less practical form of energy.
In addition to its role in electric power systems, the transformer is an integral component of many things that run on electricity. Desk lamps, battery chargers, toy trains and television sets all rely on transformers to cut or boost voltage.
In all its multiplicity of applications, the transformer can range from tiny assemblies the size of a pea to behemoths weighing 500 tons or more. The principles that govern the functioning of electrical transformers are the same regardless of form or application.
The English physicist Michael Faraday discovered the basic action of the transformer during his pioneering investigations of electricity in 1831. Some fifty years later, the advent of a practical transformer, containing all the essential elements of the modern instrument, revolutionized the infant electric lighting industry. By the turn of the century, alternating-current power systems had been universally adopted and the transformer had assumed a key role in electrical transmission and distribution.
Yet, the transformer's tale does not end in 1900. Today's transformers can handle 500 times the power and 15 times the voltage of their turn-of-the-century ancestors; the weight per unit of power has dropped by a factor of ten and efficiency typically exceeds 99 per cent. These advances reflect the marriage of theoretical inquiry and engineering that first elucidated and then exploited the phenomena governing transformer action. The Danish physicist Hans Christian Oersted, who had shown in 1820 that an electric current flowing through a conducting material creates a magnetic field around the conductor, inspired Faraday's investigations. At the time, Oersted's discovery was considered remarkable, since electricity and magnetism were thought to be separate and related forces. If an electric current could generate a magnetic field, it seemed likely that a magnetic field could give rise to an electric current.
In 1831, Faraday demonstrated that in order for a magnetic field to induce a current in a conductor, the field must be changing. Faraday caused the strength of the field to fluctuate by making and breaking the electric circuit generating the field; the same effect can be achieved with a current whose direction alternates in time. This fascinating interaction of electricity and magnetism came to be known as electromagnetic induction.

Why the transformer is an integral component of many things that run on electricity?

Direction : Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below it.

Once upon a time, a dishonest king had a man called the Valuer in his court. The Valuer set the price which ought to be paid for horses and elephants and the other animals. He also set the price on jewellery and gold, and things of that kind. This man was honest and just and set the proper price to be paid to the owners of the goods. The king, however, was not pleased with this Valuer, because he was honest. "If I had another sort of a man as Valuer, I might gain more riches," he thought. 

One day the king saw a stupid, miserly peasant come into the palace yard. The king sent for the fellow and asked him if he would like to be the Valuer. The peasant said he would like the position. So the king had him made Valuer. He sent the honest Valuer away from the palace. 

Then the peasant began to set the prices on horses and elephants, upon gold and jewels. He did not know their value, so he would say anything he chose. As the king had made him Valuer, the people had to sell their goods for the price he set. By and by a horse-dealer brought five hundred horses to the court of this king. The Valuer came and said they were worth a mere measure of rice. So the king ordered the horse-dealer to be given the measure of rice, and the horses to be put in the palace stables. 

The horse-dealer then went to see the honest man who had been the Valuer and told him what had happened. "What shall I do?" asked the horse-dealer. "I think you can give a present to the Valuer which will make him do and say what you want him to do and say," said the man. "Go to him and give him a fine present, then say to him: "You said the horses are worth a measure of rice but now tell what a measure of rice is worth! Can you value that standing in your place by the king?" If the says he can, go with him to the king, and I will be there, too." 

The horse-dealer thought this was a good idea. So he gave a fine present to the Valuer, and said what the other man had told him to say., The stupid Valuer took the present, and said: "Yes, I can go before the king with you and tell what a measure of rice is worth. I can value that now." Well, let us go at once," said the horse-dealer. So they went before the king and his ministers in the palace. 

The horse-dealer bowed down before the king and said: "O King, I have learned that a measure of rice is the value of my five hundred horses. But will the king be pleased to ask the Valuer what is the valuer of the measure of rice"? The king, not knowing what had happened, asked, "How now, Valuer, what are five hundred horses worth?" "A measure of rice, O King!" said he. "Very good, then! If five hundred horses are worth a measure of rice, what is the measure of rice worth?" "The measure of rice is worth your whole city," replied the foolish fellow.  

The ministers clapped their hands, laughing, and saying, "What a foolish Valuer! How can such a man hold that office? We used to think this great city was beyond price, but this man says it is worth only a measure of rice, "Then the king was ashamed, and drove out the foolish fellow. "I tried to please the king by setting a low price on the horses, and now see what has happened to me!" said the Valuer, as he ran away from the laughing crowd. 

Which of the following words can be used to describe the king?

(1) Smart                   (2) Dishonest

(3) Cheat

Direction : Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below it.

Once upon a time, a dishonest king had a man called the Valuer in his court. The Valuer set the price which ought to be paid for horses and elephants and the other animals. He also set the price on jewellery and gold, and things of that kind. This man was honest and just and set the proper price to be paid to the owners of the goods. The king, however, was not pleased with this Valuer, because he was honest. "If I had another sort of a man as Valuer, I might gain more riches," he thought. 

One day the king saw a stupid, miserly peasant come into the palace yard. The king sent for the fellow and asked him if he would like to be the Valuer. The peasant said he would like the position. So the king had him made Valuer. He sent the honest Valuer away from the palace. 

Then the peasant began to set the prices on horses and elephants, upon gold and jewels. He did not know their value, so he would say anything he chose. As the king had made him Valuer, the people had to sell their goods for the price he set. By and by a horse-dealer brought five hundred horses to the court of this king. The Valuer came and said they were worth a mere measure of rice. So the king ordered the horse-dealer to be given the measure of rice, and the horses to be put in the palace stables. 

The horse-dealer then went to see the honest man who had been the Valuer and told him what had happened. "What shall I do?" asked the horse-dealer. "I think you can give a present to the Valuer which will make him do and say what you want him to do and say," said the man. "Go to him and give him a fine present, then say to him: "You said the horses are worth a measure of rice but now tell what a measure of rice is worth! Can you value that standing in your place by the king?" If the says he can, go with him to the king, and I will be there, too." 

The horse-dealer thought this was a good idea. So he gave a fine present to the Valuer, and said what the other man had told him to say., The stupid Valuer took the present, and said: "Yes, I can go before the king with you and tell what a measure of rice is worth. I can value that now." Well, let us go at once," said the horse-dealer. So they went before the king and his ministers in the palace. 

The horse-dealer bowed down before the king and said: "O King, I have learned that a measure of rice is the value of my five hundred horses. But will the king be pleased to ask the Valuer what is the valuer of the measure of rice"? The king, not knowing what had happened, asked, "How now, Valuer, what are five hundred horses worth?" "A measure of rice, O King!" said he. "Very good, then! If five hundred horses are worth a measure of rice, what is the measure of rice worth?" "The measure of rice is worth your whole city," replied the foolish fellow.  

The ministers clapped their hands, laughing, and saying, "What a foolish Valuer! How can such a man hold that office? We used to think this great city was beyond price, but this man says it is worth only a measure of rice, "Then the king was ashamed, and drove out the foolish fellow. "I tried to please the king by setting a low price on the horses, and now see what has happened to me!" said the Valuer, as he ran away from the laughing crowd. 

What can possibly be the moral of the story?

Direction : Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below it.

Once upon a time, a dishonest king had a man called the Valuer in his court. The Valuer set the price which ought to be paid for horses and elephants and the other animals. He also set the price on jewellery and gold, and things of that kind. This man was honest and just and set the proper price to be paid to the owners of the goods. The king, however, was not pleased with this Valuer, because he was honest. "If I had another sort of a man as Valuer, I might gain more riches," he thought. 

One day the king saw a stupid, miserly peasant come into the palace yard. The king sent for the fellow and asked him if he would like to be the Valuer. The peasant said he would like the position. So the king had him made Valuer. He sent the honest Valuer away from the palace. 

Then the peasant began to set the prices on horses and elephants, upon gold and jewels. He did not know their value, so he would say anything he chose. As the king had made him Valuer, the people had to sell their goods for the price he set. By and by a horse-dealer brought five hundred horses to the court of this king. The Valuer came and said they were worth a mere measure of rice. So the king ordered the horse-dealer to be given the measure of rice, and the horses to be put in the palace stables. 

The horse-dealer then went to see the honest man who had been the Valuer and told him what had happened. "What shall I do?" asked the horse-dealer. "I think you can give a present to the Valuer which will make him do and say what you want him to do and say," said the man. "Go to him and give him a fine present, then say to him: "You said the horses are worth a measure of rice but now tell what a measure of rice is worth! Can you value that standing in your place by the king?" If the says he can, go with him to the king, and I will be there, too." 

The horse-dealer thought this was a good idea. So he gave a fine present to the Valuer, and said what the other man had told him to say., The stupid Valuer took the present, and said: "Yes, I can go before the king with you and tell what a measure of rice is worth. I can value that now." Well, let us go at once," said the horse-dealer. So they went before the king and his ministers in the palace. 

The horse-dealer bowed down before the king and said: "O King, I have learned that a measure of rice is the value of my five hundred horses. But will the king be pleased to ask the Valuer what is the valuer of the measure of rice"? The king, not knowing what had happened, asked, "How now, Valuer, what are five hundred horses worth?" "A measure of rice, O King!" said he. "Very good, then! If five hundred horses are worth a measure of rice, what is the measure of rice worth?" "The measure of rice is worth your whole city," replied the foolish fellow.  

The ministers clapped their hands, laughing, and saying, "What a foolish Valuer! How can such a man hold that office? We used to think this great city was beyond price, but this man says it is worth only a measure of rice, "Then the king was ashamed, and drove out the foolish fellow. "I tried to please the king by setting a low price on the horses, and now see what has happened to me!" said the Valuer, as he ran away from the laughing crowd. 

Which of the following can be said about the old Valuer?

(1) He was honest.

(2) He was intelligent.

(3) He was revengeful.

Direction : Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below it.

Once upon a time, a dishonest king had a man called the Valuer in his court. The Valuer set the price which ought to be paid for horses and elephants and the other animals. He also set the price on jewellery and gold, and things of that kind. This man was honest and just and set the proper price to be paid to the owners of the goods. The king, however, was not pleased with this Valuer, because he was honest. "If I had another sort of a man as Valuer, I might gain more riches," he thought. 

One day the king saw a stupid, miserly peasant come into the palace yard. The king sent for the fellow and asked him if he would like to be the Valuer. The peasant said he would like the position. So the king had him made Valuer. He sent the honest Valuer away from the palace. 

Then the peasant began to set the prices on horses and elephants, upon gold and jewels. He did not know their value, so he would say anything he chose. As the king had made him Valuer, the people had to sell their goods for the price he set. By and by a horse-dealer brought five hundred horses to the court of this king. The Valuer came and said they were worth a mere measure of rice. So the king ordered the horse-dealer to be given the measure of rice, and the horses to be put in the palace stables. 

The horse-dealer then went to see the honest man who had been the Valuer and told him what had happened. "What shall I do?" asked the horse-dealer. "I think you can give a present to the Valuer which will make him do and say what you want him to do and say," said the man. "Go to him and give him a fine present, then say to him: "You said the horses are worth a measure of rice but now tell what a measure of rice is worth! Can you value that standing in your place by the king?" If the says he can, go with him to the king, and I will be there, too." 

The horse-dealer thought this was a good idea. So he gave a fine present to the Valuer, and said what the other man had told him to say., The stupid Valuer took the present, and said: "Yes, I can go before the king with you and tell what a measure of rice is worth. I can value that now." Well, let us go at once," said the horse-dealer. So they went before the king and his ministers in the palace. 

The horse-dealer bowed down before the king and said: "O King, I have learned that a measure of rice is the value of my five hundred horses. But will the king be pleased to ask the Valuer what is the valuer of the measure of rice"? The king, not knowing what had happened, asked, "How now, Valuer, what are five hundred horses worth?" "A measure of rice, O King!" said he. "Very good, then! If five hundred horses are worth a measure of rice, what is the measure of rice worth?" "The measure of rice is worth your whole city," replied the foolish fellow.  

The ministers clapped their hands, laughing, and saying, "What a foolish Valuer! How can such a man hold that office? We used to think this great city was beyond price, but this man says it is worth only a measure of rice, "Then the king was ashamed, and drove out the foolish fellow. "I tried to please the king by setting a low price on the horses, and now see what has happened to me!" said the Valuer, as he ran away from the laughing crowd. 

Why was the king not happy with the old Valuer?

Direction : Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below it.

Once upon a time, a dishonest king had a man called the Valuer in his court. The Valuer set the price which ought to be paid for horses and elephants and the other animals. He also set the price on jewellery and gold, and things of that kind. This man was honest and just and set the proper price to be paid to the owners of the goods. The king, however, was not pleased with this Valuer, because he was honest. "If I had another sort of a man as Valuer, I might gain more riches," he thought. 

One day the king saw a stupid, miserly peasant come into the palace yard. The king sent for the fellow and asked him if he would like to be the Valuer. The peasant said he would like the position. So the king had him made Valuer. He sent the honest Valuer away from the palace. 

Then the peasant began to set the prices on horses and elephants, upon gold and jewels. He did not know their value, so he would say anything he chose. As the king had made him Valuer, the people had to sell their goods for the price he set. By and by a horse-dealer brought five hundred horses to the court of this king. The Valuer came and said they were worth a mere measure of rice. So the king ordered the horse-dealer to be given the measure of rice, and the horses to be put in the palace stables. 

The horse-dealer then went to see the honest man who had been the Valuer and told him what had happened. "What shall I do?" asked the horse-dealer. "I think you can give a present to the Valuer which will make him do and say what you want him to do and say," said the man. "Go to him and give him a fine present, then say to him: "You said the horses are worth a measure of rice but now tell what a measure of rice is worth! Can you value that standing in your place by the king?" If the says he can, go with him to the king, and I will be there, too." 

The horse-dealer thought this was a good idea. So he gave a fine present to the Valuer, and said what the other man had told him to say., The stupid Valuer took the present, and said: "Yes, I can go before the king with you and tell what a measure of rice is worth. I can value that now." Well, let us go at once," said the horse-dealer. So they went before the king and his ministers in the palace. 

The horse-dealer bowed down before the king and said: "O King, I have learned that a measure of rice is the value of my five hundred horses. But will the king be pleased to ask the Valuer what is the valuer of the measure of rice"? The king, not knowing what had happened, asked, "How now, Valuer, what are five hundred horses worth?" "A measure of rice, O King!" said he. "Very good, then! If five hundred horses are worth a measure of rice, what is the measure of rice worth?" "The measure of rice is worth your whole city," replied the foolish fellow.  

The ministers clapped their hands, laughing, and saying, "What a foolish Valuer! How can such a man hold that office? We used to think this great city was beyond price, but this man says it is worth only a measure of rice, "Then the king was ashamed, and drove out the foolish fellow. "I tried to please the king by setting a low price on the horses, and now see what has happened to me!" said the Valuer, as he ran away from the laughing crowd. 

Why did the Ministers laugh at the new Valuer?

Direction : Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below it.

Once upon a time, a dishonest king had a man called the Valuer in his court. The Valuer set the price which ought to be paid for horses and elephants and the other animals. He also set the price on jewellery and gold, and things of that kind. This man was honest and just and set the proper price to be paid to the owners of the goods. The king, however, was not pleased with this Valuer, because he was honest. "If I had another sort of a man as Valuer, I might gain more riches," he thought. 

One day the king saw a stupid, miserly peasant come into the palace yard. The king sent for the fellow and asked him if he would like to be the Valuer. The peasant said he would like the position. So the king had him made Valuer. He sent the honest Valuer away from the palace. 

Then the peasant began to set the prices on horses and elephants, upon gold and jewels. He did not know their value, so he would say anything he chose. As the king had made him Valuer, the people had to sell their goods for the price he set. By and by a horse-dealer brought five hundred horses to the court of this king. The Valuer came and said they were worth a mere measure of rice. So the king ordered the horse-dealer to be given the measure of rice, and the horses to be put in the palace stables. 

The horse-dealer then went to see the honest man who had been the Valuer and told him what had happened. "What shall I do?" asked the horse-dealer. "I think you can give a present to the Valuer which will make him do and say what you want him to do and say," said the man. "Go to him and give him a fine present, then say to him: "You said the horses are worth a measure of rice but now tell what a measure of rice is worth! Can you value that standing in your place by the king?" If the says he can, go with him to the king, and I will be there, too." 

The horse-dealer thought this was a good idea. So he gave a fine present to the Valuer, and said what the other man had told him to say., The stupid Valuer took the present, and said: "Yes, I can go before the king with you and tell what a measure of rice is worth. I can value that now." Well, let us go at once," said the horse-dealer. So they went before the king and his ministers in the palace. 

The horse-dealer bowed down before the king and said: "O King, I have learned that a measure of rice is the value of my five hundred horses. But will the king be pleased to ask the Valuer what is the valuer of the measure of rice"? The king, not knowing what had happened, asked, "How now, Valuer, what are five hundred horses worth?" "A measure of rice, O King!" said he. "Very good, then! If five hundred horses are worth a measure of rice, what is the measure of rice worth?" "The measure of rice is worth your whole city," replied the foolish fellow.  

The ministers clapped their hands, laughing, and saying, "What a foolish Valuer! How can such a man hold that office? We used to think this great city was beyond price, but this man says it is worth only a measure of rice, "Then the king was ashamed, and drove out the foolish fellow. "I tried to please the king by setting a low price on the horses, and now see what has happened to me!" said the Valuer, as he ran away from the laughing crowd. 

What advice did the old Valuer give to the horse-dealer?